|
|
- CHINOOK
- The Chinooks were primarily a bay and
river people, dependent on fishing (salmon) as well as
game. They have been classified as the Upper and Lower
Chinook, referring to their location on the Columbia
River. They were first noticed generally by Lewis and
Clark in 1805, and afterwards were greatly diminished in
numbers by diseases brought by white trades. The majority
of the individual tribes forming this family became
extinct as separate identities before 1900; but a few
hundred have fused with other tribes on the Warm Springs,
Yakima, Chehalis, Quinault and Grande Ronde Reservations
in Washington and Oregon; the largest single element by
1950 were the Wasco at Warm Springs, Oregon.
- Before their decline in population
the Chinookian tribes became the greatest traders on the
Columbia River, a great water highway stretching from the
area of the coastal tribes into the immense interior.
Their geographical position at the mouth of that river up
to The Dalles gave them the opportunity to become
middlemen in the development of trade relationships
between the coast and the interior. The development of
the Chinook Jargon, an Indian trade language based
originally on Chinook words but later incorporating an
increasing vocabulary of European origin, bears witness
to the importance of the Chinook tribes in pre-1840 trade
relations. Contacts and trade took place largely on the
Columbia River at Celilo or The Dalles, when material
culture from the northern edge of the Plains mingled with
and was exchanged for material from as far as Alaska.
From there the Nez Perce were the main outlet to the
northern Plains via their associations with the Crow and
to a lesser extent the Flathead.
Source
- Chinook Jargon This language
was a combination of words from several languages used
primarily in trading with others. It bacame the language
of trade for the entire Northwest for Natives and Whites
alike. Tenas
Wawa is a site dedicated
to this language.
-
- Lower Chinook
- A small tribe inhabiting the mouth
of the Columbia River, giving their name to include
tribes to the interior of similar language under the
name Chinookian stock. Their territory extended to
Shoalwater Bay in the north, and the tribe numbered
800 in 1800. Source
- Chinook
from the PBD Lewis & Clark site
- Chinook
- Information about the Chinook from the
Columbia-Pacific Community Information
Center
- Wishram
& Chinook from the
Curtis Collection
- Chinook
Speakers from the
U of O Linguistics site. Group includes
CLATSOP, CATHLAMET, MULTNOMAH or WAPPATO (Sauvie
Islands) WATLALA (CASCADE INDIANS), CLOWWEWALLA,
Cushooks, Chahcowahs,Willamette-Tumwater,
CLACKAMAS, CHILLUCKITTEQUAW (Hood River
&Klickitat, and WASCO. Most of these groups are
extinct, having been absorbed into the
others.
- RESERVATION Quinault
Reservation, Washington
- Clatsop
- Cape Adams area, Clatsop County,
Oregon. From Lewis and Clark, who estimated their
population at 300, in 1806: 'The Clatsaps, Chinnooks,
Killamucks etc. are very loquacious and inquisitive;
they possess good memories and have repeated to us the
name and capacities of the vessels etc. of the many
trades and others who have visited the mouth of the
river (Columbia) Source
- Clatsop
from the PBS Lewis & Clark site
- RESERVATION Grande Ronde
Reservation, Oregon. In 1910 they were reported as
numbered 26 persons.
- Cathlamet
- The Cathlamet lived near the mouth
of the Columbia River in Oregon and Washington, to a
point up that river near the present city of Rainier
on the south bank.
- RESERVATION About 50 or 60 were
reported in 1849. A remnant of the Cathlamet may
have moved to the Yakima Reservation with the
Wishram, or to the Quinault Reservation with the
mixed Chinook-Chehalis, but as distinct groups they
no longer exist. Source
- Multnomah or
Wappato
- A Chinookian tribe of the Sauvie
Islands at the mouth of the Willamette River, Oregon.
Remnants joined with related groups and lost separate
identity; they were closely related to the Clackamas.
Source
- Watlala
(Cascade)
- A Chinookian tribe at the Cascades
of the Columbia River and the Willamette River in
Oregon. Remnants joined the Wishram and Wasco and lost
separate identity. Source
- Clowwewalla(The Cushooks,
Chahcowahs, Willamette-Tumwater)
- A Chinookian tribe of the
Clackamas dialect, formerly living in Oregon on the
Willamette River, a tributary of the Columbia. They
have for many years been extinct as a separate people.
The Cushooks, Chahcowahs, Willamette-Tumwater and
others where divisions of this tribe. The last of this
people were said to be on the Grande Ronde
Reservation. Source
- Clackamas
- A tribal division of the Chinook
stock giving their name to a dialect group.
- RESERVATION They apparently
moved to the Grande Ronde Reservation, Oregon, and
remained separate until recently, being reported
under this name in 1945-89. Source
- Chilluckittequaw (Hood River,
Klickitat and Skamania Counties)
- A Chinookian tribe of Hood River
on the south side of the Columbia, and on the north
side of the Columbia in Klickitat and Skamania
Counties, Washington, along the White Salmon River. A
few remained separate as late as 1895, mixed with a
few Tenino (Waiam) at Celilo Falls and Warm Springs.
Source
- Wasco
(Wascopam)
- A Chinookian tribe of the inland
branch, their closest relatives being the Wishram,
living near the present The Dalles in Wasco County,
Oregon, on the Columbia River. Source
- "The Wasco bands on the Columbia
River were the eastern-most group of
Chinookan-speaking Indians. Although they were
principally fishermen, their frequent contact with
other Indians throughout the region provided for
abundant trade. Roots and beads were available from
other Chinookan bands such as the Clackamas. Game,
clothing and horses came from trade with Sahaptin
bands such as the neighboring Warm Springs and the
more distant Nez Perce. In exchange for these goods,
the Wasco traded root bread, salmon meal, and bear
grass."Source
- Celilo
Village
|